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  • GTA VI. A Video Game That Costs as Much as the World’s Tallest Building…and Maybe a New Labor Market

    GTA VI. A Video Game That Costs as Much as the World’s Tallest Building…and Maybe a New Labor Market

    Artificial intelligence will make the creation of almost everything cheaper. And that will make something else far more valuable: the things that cannot be produced cheaply — our attention, our trust, and the places we actually want to return to.

    GTA VI may therefore be more than the biggest cultural event of the year. It could offer a glimpse of what an economy might look like when we can no longer tell exactly when we are playing and when we are working.

    When I last wrote for Solvo about HHC and kratom, it took only a few days for the government to launch a full-scale war on the green menace. So, just to be safe, let me make clear that I am not predicting a collapse in global productivity following the release of GTA VI.

    Still, it could become one of the most important cultural moments of the decade. And not only because a rather unhealthy proportion of the world’s population is insanely excited about the game.

    As I write this, more than two hundred economists, researchers and technology figures are calling for urgent preparation for the economic consequences of artificial intelligence. Sixteen Nobel laureates have signed the appeal, along with people associated with OpenAI and Anthropic. Their warning is simple: society had decades to adapt to previous technological revolutions. With AI, we may have only a handful of years…

    And then there is a game that, on November 19, is expected to bring tens of millions of people into a single digital city called Vice City.

    Nobel Prizes, artificial intelligence and GTA VI may sound like the setup for a bad joke. In reality, they may fit together almost perfectly.

    AI will be like email. Essential, but not exceptional.

    There is little point in debating whether artificial intelligence is a genuine revolution. Spoiler alert: it is.

    A much more interesting question is: who will actually make money from it?

    There is a comfortable assumption developing around AI today that the long-term advantage will go to every person or company that starts using it a few months before everyone else. In the short term, that may well be true. But a lead built on a tool that everyone will soon have access to has a very limited shelf life.

    Not long ago, it was remarkable when someone used AI to create an illustration, a video, an analysis or part of a computer program. Today, at least in my view, it is becoming a standard part of the work of anyone operating at a reasonably high level. Generative AI has reached more than half of the world’s population within three years and is spreading faster than personal computers or the internet.

    In a few years, AI will therefore no longer be a competitive advantage. It will be a necessity, just like email.

    Those who do not use it will be left out. Those who do use it will certainly not automatically win.

    AI will dramatically reduce the cost of creation. Texts, images, advertising, applications, websites, music, videos and entire digital products can be produced faster, more cheaply and by smaller teams.

    But once almost everyone can produce almost anything, the ability to produce something itself stops being scarce.

    Something else will become scarce.

    If millions of people can generate a similar output, the output itself is no longer what creates value. What creates value is the audience willing to give it their sustained attention.

    Attention. Trust. Brand. Community. Distribution.

    And above all, the ability to create a place people want to return to, even when nobody is forcing them to with expensive and often annoying marketing campaigns.

    When creation becomes cheaper, people’s attention becomes more expensive.

    That may be where a far greater business opportunity lies than in being able to prompt a few dozen percent better than everyone else.

    The revolution may be real. So may the bubble…

    This thesis probably will not make some investors very happy: the stock market around AI may currently be overheated, much like internet companies were at the end of the 1990s.

    That does not mean AI is a fake trend.

    Quite the opposite.

    The internet was real too. In the end, it transformed communication, media, commerce, politics and virtually every sector of the economy.

    Its enormous potential, however, did not stop investors from paying absurd amounts of money for companies with no customers, no revenue and sometimes barely a product. It was also an extremely expensive lesson for many of them — one that probably still gives some of them restless nights.

    People correctly anticipated the revolution. They often just picked the wrong long-term winners.

    And, as we know, history repeats itself.

    Hundreds of billions of dollars are flowing into AI. Technology companies are planning almost unimaginable investments in data centers, and a substantial part of the market is based on the assumption that the current pace of growth will continue. Some valuations are approaching record levels, and investors themselves are beginning to ask whether future profits can possibly justify the enormous costs.

    AI can therefore be both the biggest technological transformation of our lives and a financial bubble.

    There is no paradox in that.

    The real paradox would be believing that every company that adds the two letters “AI” to its presentation today will automatically become the Amazon of the next decade.

    Zuckerberg built the future. The people just didn’t show up.

    Mark Zuckerberg understood the importance of digital worlds almost painfully early. And by “painfully,” in the context of the bill, I mean that quite literally — at least from my perspective.

    He bet that we would work, shop, communicate and spend a significant part of our lives in them. Facebook became Meta, the company started making headsets, and tens of billions of dollars were poured into a project that was supposed to change the world.

    The problem was that most people did not exactly dream of entering a virtual office as a faceless avatar.

    Reality Labs has lost more than $70 billion since 2021. For us Czechs, that is roughly one and a half trillion koruna.

    Ouch.

    Meta gradually scaled back its original ambitions, laid off employees and shifted attention and capital toward AI and smart devices.

    Zuckerberg may not have been wrong about where the world was heading.

    He may simply have been wrong about the timing — and about the route.

    The most popular video games among the youngest generation, Roblox and Fortnite, did exactly the opposite.

    They did not begin with a grand vision of the future.

    They began with fun.

    People came to play. They met friends there. They began creating their own worlds. And only then did an economy emerge around their time, attention and creativity — an economy that can extend into the physical world.

    Roblox, for example, has long ceased to be merely a video game. It resembles an endless digital amusement park in which the attractions are built not by the operator, but by the visitors themselves.

    And it is by no means just children creating a simple map after school. Behind successful projects are professional teams of programmers, graphic designers, animators, designers and marketers.

    In the first quarter of 2025 alone, Roblox paid creators $281.6 million. Over the previous twelve months, more than one hundred of its developers earned over $1 million.

    Not one hundred players who received a million dollars for playing.

    More than one hundred creators and studios that built million-dollar products inside someone else’s platform.

    Fortnite, meanwhile, distributes 40 percent of the net revenue generated by its in-game store and related purchases among the operators of user-created worlds.

    The amount they receive depends, among other things, on how many people their world attracts — and, most importantly, how long they stay.

    So once again, I have to emphasize one particular word:

    ATTENTION.

    The metaverse, then, may not have been a bad thesis after all.

    It simply was not ultimately built by one of the world’s largest companies — a company that, incidentally, even changed its name because of it.

    And that is where GTA comes in.

    GTA V has sold almost 230 million copies since its release in 2013. Its online component is still generating enormous revenues, and Rockstar has something Zuckerberg could not buy even with tens of billions of dollars:

    A world people genuinely want to enter — and, above all, spend an absurd number of hours in on a regular basis.

    But the ecosystem that has developed around the FiveM platform is even more interesting.

    FiveM allows users to operate their own servers built on GTA V. The best known are so-called roleplay servers, where players do not simply complete pre-written missions. They take on a role and enter a living city populated by other people.

    Someone is a police officer. Someone else is a doctor, judge, taxi driver, mechanic, restaurant owner — or even a drug dealer.

    These servers have their own laws, jobs, companies, politics and, above all, economies.

    Players do not enter a finished story.

    They create it together.

    It is one-third video game, one-third social network and one-third virtual theatre.

    People are already working around these cities, programming new features, designing cars and clothing, building buildings, managing communities or broadcasting their virtual “lives” to millions of viewers.

    In 2023, Rockstar acquired Cfx.re, the team behind FiveM. In 2026, it launched an official marketplace where creators can sell maps, vehicles, clothing and scripts.

    The marketplace includes police computers, car dealerships, farming jobs, racing systems and entire virtual auto repair shops.

    Rockstar therefore no longer owns just a video game.

    It owns a city, the technology, the marketplace and, above all, a huge global community of loyal players.

    There is no confirmation that an ordinary person will be able to make a living in GTA VI by running a virtual bar or selling cars. We know far too little about the future online component, and claiming otherwise would mean promising something Rockstar has never announced.

    But I like to speculate.

    And, more importantly…

    All the necessary pieces are already on the table.

    A video game more expensive than the world’s tallest building

    Rockstar has not disclosed the official budget for GTA VI. Estimates range from the high hundreds of millions to as much as $2 billion.

    For comparison, the construction of the Burj Khalifa cost approximately $1.5 billion.

    Avatar: The Way of Water, one of the most expensive films in history, had a production budget of more than $350 million.

    So we may be looking at a video game that costs more than the world’s tallest building — and several times more than a Hollywood blockbuster.

    At first glance, that sounds insane.

    But a skyscraper rents out offices and apartments.

    A film sells tickets, rights and subscriptions.

    A digital world can sell all of them at once.

    Access. Virtual currency. Clothing. Cars. Real estate. Memberships. Advertising. New stories. Creator tools.

    And perhaps, one day, a share of the businesses that other people build inside it.

    Analysts at DFC Intelligence estimated that GTA VI could generate $3.2 billion in revenue during its first twelve months, including more than $1 billion in pre-orders.

    That is a prediction, not a result.

    Rockstar has not released official global pre-order figures, and I do not think it plans to do so before launch.

    The real value of the game, however, may not become apparent in its first year.

    The decisive question will be whether Rockstar simply sells an enormous number of copies — or creates an environment in which other people will work, create and make money for ten years.

    And, of course, make money for Rockstar too.

    It is worth emphasizing again that the previous GTA game was released thirteen years ago, and tens of millions of people are still returning to it.

    AI will hand out the tools. Platforms will keep the land.

    Now let’s go back a few paragraphs to artificial intelligence.

    Creating a high-quality game world used to require dozens of programmers, graphic designers, animators, musicians and writers, plus months or years of work.

    AI will dramatically lower that barrier — something also confirmed by the words of Daniel Vávra, the most influential game developer not only in the Czech Republic but, I would dare say, in Europe, behind the now-iconic titles Mafia and Kingdom Come.

    An individual or a small team will be able to create a building, character, advertisement, dialogue, piece of clothing, music track or simple game mechanic.

    Not everything will be good.

    Most of it probably won’t be.

    But vastly more people will be able to try.

    This opens the door to a new type of business.

    A person from a small village anywhere in the world could create their own version of an iconic game for a global audience without significant infrastructure or a professional team.

    There is just one rather important catch.

    The cheaper creation becomes, the more valuable the audience’s attention becomes.

    AI can generate millions of new worlds.

    But Rockstar, Roblox or Epic will decide which of them anyone gets to see.

    Creators will have more powerful tools, but they will still be building on someone else’s land.

    The platform owns the rules, the customers, the algorithm and the payment system.

    It can change the rewards, alter the terms or remove an entire project with a single decision.

    The new world of work may therefore be more free.

    But it still may not belong to us.

    It is still just a game. And that is precisely why it matters.

    Of course, I may be overestimating the importance of GTA VI.

    Maybe in November we will simply get a video game that has been anticipated for more than a decade.

    Global productivity will fall for a few days, a few relationships will undergo a stress test, and then everyone will return to normal.

    But the individual pieces fit together almost suspiciously well.

    AI is making creation cheaper.

    Roblox and Fortnite have shown that user-generated worlds can support not only YouTubers but genuine businesses.

    Rockstar has acquired the biggest roleplay platform in the video game industry and opened its official marketplace.

    Hundreds of millions of people already consider it perfectly normal to spend a significant portion of their time in digital worlds, at least on social media.

    The next step may not simply be that they start playing more in those worlds.

    They may start creating economic value there on a massive scale.

    The future of work may therefore not look like a world in which people stop working.

    It may look like a world in which we stop being able to tell exactly when we are working and when we are playing.

    The biggest economic changes, moreover, rarely introduce themselves as economic changes.

    The internet was initially a toy for geeks.

    Today, we can barely function without it.

    The Industrial Revolution moved work from fields to factories.

    The internet moved it onto computer screens.

    AI may move it into digital worlds that, at first glance, will look like games.

  • Solvo at Krásné ztráty, another festival stop on our “resilience tour”

    Solvo at Krásné ztráty, another festival stop on our “resilience tour”

    Debating resilience at rock festivals would have been almost unthinkable just a few years ago. And for two reasons. Discussion forums were not nearly as popular as they are today, and “resilience” was not yet a buzzword.

    But the uncertainties we currently live with have changed both of these things quite rapidly. And so, this year, the Solvo team has already embarked on its third festival appearance. After United Islands and Melting Pot at Colours of Ostrava, we parked our tour bus this time in Všetice, where Michal Prokop has created a fantastic music festival.

    Amid performances by Framus 5, Laura a její tygři and other legends of Czech rock, we opened a discussion on our flagship topic: individual resilience.

    Mirek Singer, Jana Skopová and David Shorf discussed with the audience why we need to strengthen resilience, why we measure it, and how we as Czechs compare with other countries.

    As at the previous festivals, we first drew the audience into the story. David Shorf painted a picture of a crisis scenario involving a total blackout, with the electricity grid down and panic and looting breaking out.

    The fictional scenario helped us illustrate more vividly the kinds of crises the Czech Republic may face in the future. It is precisely in situations such as war, natural disasters or epidemics that the true value of our individual resilience becomes apparent.

    You need to get to your children at camp, but the cities are gridlocked. Supermarkets are in a state of hysteria, and pharmacies have run out of the medication you need. On your way to your children, you suddenly find yourself relying on skills that can give you an advantage.

    Can you drive a tractor when there is nothing else available? Do you need to hunt a rabbit but don’t know how to shoot? Do you need to communicate in German, but your language skills aren’t good enough? Do you need physical stamina and the ability not to fall apart psychologically under pressure? These were all practical demonstrations of the dimensions that, according to our methodology, make up resilience.

    Jana Skopová and Mirek Singer then delved into the data, presenting the audience with the findings of Solvo’s research. They spoke about the eight dimensions of “resilience” and about which countries are doing worse than the Czechs — and which are doing better.

  • How Drones Are Changing Not Just Modern Warfare, but the Human Psyche

    How Drones Are Changing Not Just Modern Warfare, but the Human Psyche

    When I watched the Gulf War in 1991, I was genuinely captivated. Footage of nighttime Baghdad, its sky lit up by dozens of flashes. Nowhere any blood, mud, or trenches. Back then it was called „the war broadcast live.“ Something fundamentally changed at that moment, and all of us who were glued to CNN at the time noticed it.

    Today it’s exactly the opposite. Current technology has brought war within a few meters‘ distance. Right next to the human body. But this new image isn’t in more perfect resolution. It’s shaky, grainy, (actually cheap), and brutally intimate.

    Drone warfare. Suddenly it’s here. Science fiction. Ukrainians have even told the media that they tested an experimental program called Terminator, in which drones select their own targets — without humans controlling them. (For those of you who haven’t seen James Cameron’s famous film Terminator, I should note that it’s precisely in that film that autonomous war machines decide, on the command of artificial intelligence, to wipe out humanity.)

    In our current reality, we haven’t really noticed this enormous shift. It’s strange how long a society can overlook a fundamental change when it doesn’t arrive as one big event but instead accumulates in small doses.

    A post-apocalyptic way of waging war

    Something has been born in Ukraine that can no longer be described merely as another development in military technology. There, drones have become the environment that creates the battlefield itself. They are eyes, nervous system, and weapon all at once. They track movement, direct fire, carry explosives, and change the very logic of movement across the battlefield. Reports and expert accounts speak of a space where almost everything is visible and almost every movement can be punished within seconds. That’s why soldiers no longer hide only in trenches, but in pipes, under roads, in cellars, in improvised shelters — because open terrain has turned into a corridor to death.

    The front is no longer a „line“ — it’s three-dimensional

    And this is precisely where the real break lies. In the past, it was possible to speak of the front as a line. Today, however, the „front“ is also vertical. Death no longer comes only from the front or the rear, but from above. Quietly, cheaply, and repeatedly. A soldier is no longer fighting just another soldier, but a system of sensors, operators, improvised workshops, and consumer-grade technology that can be sent into the air by the thousands. Classic superiority in tanks or artillery hasn’t disappeared, but it has stopped being sufficient on its own.

    Perhaps even more important than the military dimension is the social one. Drone warfare is changing not just the way killing happens, but the way war is observed. The Gulf War was a televised war. The public received a carefully „curated“ image of technological dominance, in which the enemy was distant and pixelated. Today’s war spreads through Telegram, X, YouTube, and closed channels, in the form of short videos that have the aesthetics of video games but the consequences of real death. The public thus becomes a peculiar kind of witness: it sees more than ever before, but understands less. It sees the detail but loses the whole picture. And because the footage is endless, even horror becomes normalized.

    War as a series of clips

    And this has serious consequences for a society growing accustomed to a new ratio between proximity and numbness. Just a few years ago, footage of a direct hit on a person was something extraordinary. Today the audience often just scrolls down. Technologies that were supposed to increase precision are simultaneously creating a new kind of psychological accessibility of violence. War stops being a distant geopolitical news item and becomes an endless stream of short clips. Not everyone watches them, but everyone now lives in a world shaped by them: a politics of fear, compassion fatigue, a feeling that nothing is stable and that safety is only a temporary technical advantage.

    Into this world steps Iran as one of the actors who have understood the logic of the new warfare very well. Iranian drones have become a significant part of Russian attacks on Ukraine and, at the same time, a symbol of the broader transformation of armed conflicts in the Middle East. Their power lies not just in technical specifications, but in the economics of the whole matter. Instead of expensive aircraft and complex platforms, relatively cheap means take over — ones that can be manufactured in large series, are hard to detect, and can be deployed with strong psychological effect against cities and infrastructure.

    What kind of war should Czechs fear?

    This is why Czechs, too, should stop imagining a future attack merely as a scene from a historical war film or as a massive missile strike. Far more plausible is the disruption of everyday life. A few drones over an industrial zone. An attack on an energy hub. Transport outages. Disruption of an airport or a railway corridor. An alert around a hospital, a fuel depot, or a data center. Such an attack doesn’t need the parameters of total war to paralyze a country’s psyche. It’s enough that it shatters the sense of predictability. That’s precisely what’s so unsettling about drones: they are not just a weapon of destruction, but also a tool of cheap destabilization.

    How to picture this concretely? Not as a Hollywood explosion, but as a series of smaller strikes, after which things a citizen takes for granted simply stop working. Part of the distribution grid is down for a few hours. Traffic at a logistics hub comes to a halt. Police cordon off the area around critical infrastructure. An unidentified object circles over the city, and no one knows for sure whether it’s carrying a camera, a jammer, or an explosive. In such a moment, it’s not just damage that arises. Distrust arises. And in a modern society, distrust is almost as effective as a direct hit.

    The greatest experience with drones: Ukraine and Israel

    The question of protection is therefore not a technical footnote for the military, but a public issue. Ukraine’s experience shows that defense against drones cannot rely on a single miracle system. What works is multi-layered protection: early detection, electronic jamming, physical destruction of drones, protection of key routes, and adaptation of both movement and infrastructure. Ukraine has built layered defense models while also increasing production of interceptors — drones designed to destroy other drones. Alongside this, it protects roads and logistics routes, because even the survival of transport is today a combat capability.

    Israel, in turn, demonstrates another side of the same equation: the ability to combine sensors, air defense, industry, and rapid testing of new countermeasures. In 2026, Israel’s Ministry of Defense tested approximately twenty advanced anti-drone technologies, and the country is also accelerating the development of laser systems meant to make defense against mass attacks cheaper. Following experiences with drone attacks, Israeli know-how is becoming sought after in Europe as well.

    So it’s time to start doing something. And in an accelerated mode. Not as usual

  • Universities Are No Longer the Ticket to Education. So What Are They For?

    Universities Are No Longer the Ticket to Education. So What Are They For?

    A few decades ago, university was almost the only legitimate route to advanced knowledge. If you wanted to read specialist books, meet leading minds in your field, or attend serious lectures, you had to get inside: through the gates of a faculty building, into a library, into a lecture hall—or at least into the orbit of someone who had already made it there.

    Today, those gates are wide open. Lectures from Oxford are online. So are courses from Harvard. Academic papers can be found in minutes, and anyone can learn programming, video editing, data analysis, or the basics of economics from a laptop at the kitchen table. Sometimes for free; sometimes for the price of a few coffees a month.

    That does not mean the internet has replaced education. The internet is also where, in fifteen minutes, you can discover that the Moon is a hologram and that cinnamon can solve geopolitics. But it does mean that universities lost their monopoly on information a long time ago.

    A few years ago, Elon Musk put it in his usual way: college, he argued, is not necessary for learning, because almost anything can be learned for free. Universities are mainly places for fun, networking, and training in how to meet obligations. It is a characteristically Musk-like observation—provocative, exaggerated, and not entirely fair. Still, it is useful. Not because Musk must be right, but because he identifies something the academic world is reluctant to acknowledge.

    They No Longer Guard Information

    University is no longer a temple of knowledge, reached by climbing a grand staircase and collecting several official stamps along the way. Knowledge is everywhere now. The challenge is not accessing it. The challenge is knowing what deserves attention, what is nonsense, what merely looks impressive, and what one has actually understood.

    That is precisely where higher education can still make sense.

    A good university should not be a warehouse of information. It should be an environment where people learn how to think: where they meet people who are smarter than they are, who hold opposing views, or who look at the same problem through an entirely different discipline. It is where students have to defend an argument, accept criticism, and discover that confidence without work tends not to last very long.

    In that sense, university remains hard to replace. Not because of a PowerPoint presentation on macroeconomics—which can be watched at home at double speed—but because of the conversation after a lecture, the disagreement over a seminar paper, the people one meets in student housing, and the mistakes one can make in a relatively safe environment.

    It is a kind of laboratory for adulthood. People arrive believing they understand how the world works and leave—ideally—with at least a suspicion that it may be more complicated than they thought.

    The Problem Is Not the Degree

    This does not mean degrees have lost their value. They have not. In medicine, law, architecture, and many technical fields, long-term and systematic education is not only useful but indispensable. Nobody wants to be operated on by someone who completed a weekend surgery course online.

    But across a large part of the economy, a degree alone is no longer enough. Employers increasingly want to know what someone can actually do. What they have built. Which problem they have solved. How they managed a project. What they can show in a portfolio—and what the people who have worked with them have to say.

    In marketing, event management, creative industries, technology, or sports business, this is already obvious. A résumé may list an excellent university, but if it is not backed by results, practical experience, and the ability to deliver, the magic of the degree fades quickly.

    Universities should therefore not compete with the internet on who can transmit information faster. That contest is already lost. They should focus on what the internet cannot do nearly as well: provide guidance, feedback, community, demanding standards, and opportunities to turn knowledge into real work.

    One Degree Is Not Enough for a Lifetime

    There is another problem. Education systems often still operate on the assumption that a person studies a subject at twenty-two, packs it into a suitcase, and then carries it through the rest of life.

    But working life no longer looks like that. Technologies evolve, industries merge, new professions emerge and old ones disappear. Someone may begin in communications, move into data a few years later, then manage a team, and a decade after that discover they need to understand AI, regulation, or energy. Meanwhile, life happens: family, relocation, caring for relatives, shifting priorities.

    It makes little sense, then, to treat education as a one-time chapter that ends with graduation. A more sensible approach is to build an educational profile over time. Alongside traditional degree programmes, there should be room for shorter courses, professional certificates, microcredentials, and specialised modules.

    Microcredentials are not a magic solution. Without quality and a real connection to practice, they can easily become a collection of digital badges that nobody takes seriously. But when designed well, they allow people to develop a specific skill without having to disappear from work and everyday life for three years.

    This is where the Czech debate should also be heading. In its “Ten Principles,” the Solvo Institute argues for more flexible higher education, microcredentials, and lifelong learning. This is not an attempt to abolish universities. It is an attempt to stop treating them as the only places where people are allowed to learn.

    Two Speeds

    A future in which universities no longer hold a monopoly will not automatically be fairer. Quite the opposite. Those with time, money, language skills, networks, and the ability to navigate independently can gain a great deal from open education. Those without these advantages may simply be left behind.

    We cannot merely tell people: “Everything is online, so try harder.” We need accessible retraining, sensible career guidance, and pathways that make sense even for someone whose parents did not attend university or who does not have free evenings to study.

    We also need to be honest: the labour market will probably operate at two speeds. In some fields, a university degree will remain essential. In others, a combination of experience, continuing education, projects, and verifiable skills will matter more and more. The goal is not to devalue one path in favour of another. It is to stop pretending that there is only one path.

    Universities are not losing their purpose. They are only losing the comfortable assumption that their purpose is self-evident.

    And perhaps that is good news. They no longer need to guard the gate to knowledge. They can do something far more useful: help people turn an excess of information into judgment, skill, and the ability to navigate a rapidly changing world.


    Would you like the English version to sound more distinctly British, more American, or more policy-oriented for an international think-tank audience?

  • Generation of Snowflakes?

    Generation of Snowflakes?

    My generation, Gen Z, is often called snowflakes. Unable to withstand anything. But is that true? Personally, I don’t think so. I see a number of implicit factors entering this discussion that people often overlook.

    Low Frustration Tolerance

    Dr. Radkin Honzák speaks well on this topic, pointing to the phenomenon of lower frustration tolerance among the younger generation. I agree with this claim. What does it actually mean? Frustration tolerance is the ability to withstand frustration without serious disruption to psychophysiological balance and without serious consequences for an individual’s mental health.

    Lower frustration tolerance among part of Generation Z can manifest in several ways. One is quicker resignation when encountering obstacles, failure, or prolonged uncertainty. Another is a tendency to avoid unpleasant or stressful situations and to prefer solutions that offer immediate relief or quick gratification. It’s precisely because of these tendencies that Generation Z is often criticized as less resilient to frustration and discomfort.

    Honzák points out that part of the problem may be related to the environment in which today’s young people grew up. Unlike previous generations, who were more accustomed to saving, fixing things, or delaying their needs, Generation Z is growing up in a world of instant availability and immediate gratification. Many things can be obtained almost instantly — often at the cost of debt. According to Honzák, this can lead to lower tolerance for waiting and scarcity, and generally a reduced ability to endure prolonged discomfort.

    Specific Challenges and Intergenerational Distance

    To understand Generation Z, we also need to look at the conditions in which it is growing up. Modern society places enormous pressure on young people to succeed in every aspect of life. They are held responsible for their appearance, their feelings, their choice of partner, their career, and much more. This constant pressure toward perfectionism creates an enormous psychological burden.

    I identify with psychiatrist Petr Winkler’s view that Generation Z faces specific challenges. He also points to „mutual intergenerational misunderstanding.“ You encounter people running completely different „software“ than you. This naturally creates enormous pressure, especially on young people who are still forming their identity and need to understand and accept themselves.

    Paradoxically, young adults can’t always rely on advice from those close to them. Winkler notes that „young people live in a world where the advice of their parents and grandparents is often somewhat useless, because they lived in a completely different world. The intergenerational distance caused by progress means not only that people are increasingly responsible for their own lives, but also that they have no guidance, nor anywhere to look for it.“

    An Uncertain World, Full of Fast and Unexpected Change

    So if someone claims Generation Z can’t withstand anything, it’s worth considering whether they’re judging young people by the standards of a world that no longer exists. Navigating today’s world takes considerable effort. It’s no wonder — society is increasingly turbulent and unstable, contributing to far greater uncertainty. This phenomenon can be explained by the VUCA model (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity), which reflects the instability of today’s world.

    • Volatility: A rapidly changing world full of uncertainties and unexpected events can lead to feelings of stress and anxiety, weakening psychological resilience.
    • Uncertainty: A lack of predictability and a clear vision of the future can trigger feelings of hopelessness and loss of control, fueling depressive thoughts.
    • Complexity: The volume of information and stimuli we’re exposed to today can lead to overload and cognitive strain, reducing our ability to cope with problems.
    • Ambiguity: Many aspects of modern life are ambiguous and difficult to interpret, which can lead to confusion and helplessness, deepening depressive states.

    This doesn’t mean, however, that all of Generation Z’s problems should be explained solely by the surrounding environment. From my perspective, the problem of lower frustration tolerance genuinely exists. Many young people are not used to enduring discomfort, delaying gratification, or facing obstacles over the long term. This can hold us back in many respects.

    At the same time, it’s important to see both sides of the same coin. Lower frustration tolerance doesn’t arise in a vacuum. It forms in an environment that, on one hand, offers an unprecedented range of possibilities, but on the other, places enormous demands on young people. We didn’t get to choose the era we were born into. But we do get to decide how we respond to its challenges. This, I believe, is where psychological resilience comes into play.

    The Path to Resilience: Learning to Tolerate Uncertainty, Not Avoid It

    I like the perspective of Professor Pavel Kolář, whose book Strengthening Through Stress: The Path to Resilience highlights an often-overlooked fact: stress isn’t necessarily only harmful. If a person doesn’t avoid it and learns to work with it, it can become a source of growth and strength. As he writes: „Our body and mind hold enormous potential to make us not only strongly resilient, but also happy. Let’s use that potential and take responsibility for our health and quality of life into our own hands.“

    Petr Winkler speaks similarly about resilience: „It’s important to realize that I actually build psychological resilience through my entire life.“ I consider this a key idea. Resilience isn’t a trait you’re born with. It’s an ability you gradually build through how you cope with uncertainty, overcome obstacles, and deal with failure.

    This, I believe, is where Generation Z’s greatest challenge lies — not in being weaker than previous generations, but in having to learn to function in a world that is less predictable than ever before. All the more reason not to treat discomfort, uncertainty, or failure as things to be avoided at all costs. They are a natural part of life and, at the same time, one of the main sources of psychological resilience.

    From my generation’s perspective, I think it’s important to accept that life’s challenges aren’t obstacles on the path to fulfillment — they’re part of it. As Professor Jiří Horáček often says, a precondition for human fulfillment is learning to tolerate uncertainty, not avoid it.

    I think we need to learn to face life’s challenges and accept that not all hardships can be eliminated. The current generation, moreover, often faces intense pressure toward performance and perfection, amplified by social media and a culture of comparison.

    All the more reason to recall the ideas of Viktor Frankl, who emphasizes that the key to overcoming suffering isn’t eliminating it, but finding meaning in what we experience. Though this path is difficult, it is precisely there, he argues, that human resilience is born.

    I don’t think Generation Z is a generation of „snowflakes.“ It’s a generation growing up in an environment of high uncertainty and performance pressure. But that’s not a reason for resignation — it’s a reason for consciously building resilience. Not because we’re weak, but because we live in a time that demands it.

  • Solvo at Melting Pot or “Resilience as the New Punk”

    Solvo at Melting Pot or “Resilience as the New Punk”

    If you ask artificial intelligence which conferences in the Czech Republic are worth attending—and specify that you are interested in those that feel “fresh” and spread inspiring ideas—you won’t get many results. But you can rely on one of them always being Melting Pot in Ostrava, which hosts its own stage each year as part of the Colours of Ostrava festival.

    This year, four experts from the Solvo Institute entered the “melting pot” armed with data and insights from their own research project, Resilience. They traveled to Ostrava as a team consisting of Solvo founder Ivana Tykač, former Czech National Bank governor Miroslav Singer, writer and coach David Shorf (serving as moderator), and guest expert Jakub Landovský (the government’s special envoy for NATO commitments).

    Together, they presented research that—unlike others with a similar focus—examines resilience at the level of the individual. After all, only a society made up of resilient individuals can function as a resilient whole.

    David Shorf opened by framing the discussion within the context of extreme scenarios that could affect Czech society. “We live in uncertain times, when we cannot rule out blackouts, climate disasters, wars, or epidemics,” he said at the outset. He outlined a model apocalyptic situation in which the entire system collapses within days. Electricity fails, people begin looting, there is no way to refuel, medicines run out, the streets become unsafe, diseases spread… In precisely such circumstances, those who are sufficiently resilient will be able to take care of themselves and their loved ones. They will know how to drive a tractor (if nothing else is available), shoot a crossbow (if hunting becomes necessary), communicate in German or English (if required for survival), remain psychologically stable, and maintain the physical fitness needed to reach safety. This practical example drew the audience in and succinctly explained why maximizing resilience is essential.

    Miroslav Singer followed with an explanation of the eight dimensions that, according to Solvo, together form resilience as the institute measures it: physical, psychological, values, skills, adaptability, material security, social cohesion, and trust in institutions.

    Ivana Tykač then took over, adding how Solvo developed a resilience index that anyone can measure online. She gave the data a human dimension by speaking about the importance of raising resilient children and sharing a few vivid anecdotes, including how she managed a failed pig slaughter.

    Jakub Landovský naturally built on the previous speakers, recounting a pivotal encounter with an injured roe deer after a car collision and the reasons that later led him to join a hunting association. He concluded—just before audience questions—with an insightful analysis of the risks posed by today’s uncertain geopolitical environment. What else could the audience expect from a man who once served as the Czech ambassador to NATO

  • Research on Czech Identity

    Research on Czech Identity

    The motivation behind the research on Czech identity was an effort to determine whether the many clichés and established truths—which we often say about ourselves or that have long been circulating in the public sphere—are actually true.
    Are we really an atheist or intolerant nation? Everything is much more complex, diverse, and interesting. Rather, the research showed that we tend to put ourselves down, underestimate ourselves, and rarely praise ourselves.

    Here are our Ten Commandments for the Czech Republic.

    The quantitative research focused on the following areas:

    1. We are proud of our country, and that’s a good thing; we value its nature,culture, and people’s willingness to help
    2. Family is an absolute value and the foundation
    3. We are very work-oriented; we have a work ethic
    4. We are not atheists, nor are we members of the church
    5. The Czech Republic is a community. We still see the Czech Republic more as a community than just a group of individualists
    6. We are bothered by thoughtlessness and indifference
    7. We love to travel often, and we admire our fellow citizens who have succeeded abroad
    8. We need rules, but we don’t know how to formulate or enforce them
    9. We are extremely critical of each other and don’t praise one another
    10. We love the Czech language

    The research methodology combined qualitative and quantitative approaches. First, we conducted 7 focus groups in selected cities (Prague—twice, Plzeň, Ústí nad Labem, Brno, Olomouc, and Ostrava). These took place from January 7 to 22, 2026.
    In total, we had 70 respondents (ages 18–69, 50% men / 50% women, mixed educational backgrounds, 70% employees / self-employed). The participants included people not only from the city but also from the surrounding areas, representing various professions and political views. Some are religious, some are active in communities or organizations. We then tested the data and findings in a representative quantitative survey (N = 1,075 respondents aged 16–75), using a combination of CAWI (N = 454) and CAPI (N = 621), with quota sampling by gender, age, education, region, and size of place of residence. Data were collected from February 19 to 25; the questionnaire took 25–30 minutes to complete.

    Data per request

  • Research on FERTILITY

    Research on FERTILITY

    The motivation for this research was a newspaper report stating that the Czech population is dying out. We were curious about what might help reverse this trend and what changes or reforms the population would welcome. We asked ourselves
    how to bridge the gap caused by drastic demographic change, when there will be significantly more people of retirement age than those entering the workforce.
    Ultimately, we approached the issue as a set of reforms that could have a positive impact on our future.


    We surveyed attitudes toward parenthood and the potential benefits for parents, the possibility of shortening the school years by one year, raising the retirement age, or
    deciding for oneself how long to work.

    The quantitative research focused on the following areas:

    1. Two years of mandatory preschool aimed at teaching children to read, write, and do arithmetic.
    2. Eight years of elementary school.
    3. Flexible higher education, microloans, and lifelong learning.
    4. Strong family support during the first two years: 400,000 crowns per year for the parent providing care.
    5. The working partner’s taxes and social security contributions are directed toward the parent who cares for the child at home, or toward a grandparent, if applicable.
    6. Three or more children = zero income tax.
    7. Retirement age linked to the number of children.
    8. Lower social security contributions for parents of children.
    9.  Increase in the standard retirement age.
    10. Grandparents are also eligible for parental leave.

    Research has largely confirmed that the introduction of significant changes is not met with much trust or enthusiasm among the general public. On the other hand, however, the proposed reforms did not provoke any extraordinary opposition. Implementing them will require strong political leadership.

    One positive observation is that Czechs consider it normal to have children; a child is not viewed as a “project,” but as a natural part of life. In some cases, however, the introduction of various support measures has actually met with resistance.

    Data per request

  • Resilience

    Resilience

    In recent years, we’ve been encountering the topic of resilience more and more often—the ability to withstand stress, adapt to change, and function over the long term even in the face of uncertainty. We see that resilience is precisely what
    connects many of the areas Solvo focuses on. That is why we created our Individual. Resilience Index, the first comprehensive study of its kind in the Czech Republic. It measures resilience across eight dimensions and shows what helps—and what
    weakens—not only Czech companies (the study was conducted in several countries)—whether in terms of physical or mental health, values, social ties, economic conditions, or the ability to adapt. We use the findings of this research not only to better understand current challenges, but also to foster public discussion and develop solutions that have a real impact.

    Solvo thus bridges research, education, and social engagement. Our work is rooted in the belief that a resilient society begins with resilient individuals, and that high- quality data can be the first step toward helping people, families, and communities better understand themselves and the environment in which they live.

    Methodology

    The Resilience Index was built on quantitative research targeting individuals directly. The goal was to construct a tool for assessing personal resilience and comparing it across European countries.

    Link to supplementing the research.


    Research focus


    Although resilience is frequently studied, prevailing research focuses primarily on the macro level (states, institutions or economies), while individual-level resilience remains less explored. This research focused directly on individuals. The aim was to construct a Resilience Index based on quantitative research to evaluate the Czech population, forming the basis for a system to assess individual personal resilience.
    The Individual Resilience Index was then tested on representative population samples from four European countries (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Sweden) to identify factors in
    which populations differ or are similar. This is a comparative quantitative study using primary sociological survey data.



    Interview length (LOI): 20–35 minutes. Target population: age 16- 75.


    Index construction:

    60
    Items in the questionnaire questions & statements

    Resilience dimensions

    8
    assessment areas

    Maximum score

    226

    total points

    The Resilience Index was created by summing the point values of responses to 60 items
    divided into 8 dimensions. Individual items were scaled and converted to standardised scores.
    No sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, education) were included in the index. The
    index represents the subjective resilience assessment of respondents.

    8 dimensions of resilience

    Weight of each dimension in the overall index.

    01Physical activity & health
    20 %

    02Adaptability
    18 %

    03Material security
    18 %

    04Values
    14 %

    05Mental health
    11 %

    06Institutional trust
    7 %

    07Skills
    6 %

    08Cohesion
    6 %

    Hypotheses and findings

    The initial hypothesis was that individual countries would differ in their resilience index. Sweden was expected to rank first with values around 110–115 points, Germany second
    (105–110 points), and the Czech Republic third ahead of Slovakia.
    The resulting order was predicted correctly, but the index values of individual countries differ only minimally. The explanation cannot be found in significant distribution differences —
    median values and min/max ranges do not explain this.
    Confirmation that Sweden deserves first place is found in maximum values — some individuals reached 197 points, significantly more than in other countries. Nearly 5% of
    Swedes achieve a markedly above-average index (more than 146 points), compared to 2.5% in the Czech Republic and just under 2% in Slovakia. Health data were surprising: average Swedish BMI was lowest but still nearly 26. The average WHO mental health index was 15.3 — comparable to Czech Republic and Slovakia. In
    Sweden 27% of people have this index at the threshold for mental health problems; in Czech Republic it is as high as 30%.
    A new hypothesis emerges: are European countries similar in resilience because they share a very similar lifestyle? Or is it due to the geographic proximity of Central and Northern Europe? How would Poland (facing immediate threat), Italy, Spain or Ukraine fare?

    Distribution of the Resilience Index (max 226 points) in the Czech population. N = 1,235.
    Mean: 101.5 points (45% of maximum). 95% of cases fall between values 46 and 146.
    SUBJECTIVE RESILIENCE

    How the index is formed

    How the index is formed

    The Resilience Index is formed by combining several dimensions — your overall resilience reflects how you perform in each area. But we can also simply ask people: do you feel resilient, and how much? Try to place yourself on a scale from 0 to 10, there’s nothing to it. Each person then evaluates their own resilience based on what they consider more or less important in their concept of resilience — some prioritise physical fitness, others their mental state, others their skills and knowledge.


    Only 2% of people perceive their resilience at 0 or 1 — very low or none. In contrast, 6% gave a value of 10 and another 8% gave 9. Half the population perceives themselves as averagely or slightly above-averagely resilient. Given the overall resilience index results, it seems we tend to root for ourselves — or (more
    likely) we don’t include everything in our self-assessment, such as things we’re not good at. Instead, we give greater weight to areas where we feel confident. And how does it turn out when we compare subjective resilience with the overall resilience
    index encompassing all dimensions? Both values correlate very strongly — people who subjectively perceive their resilience as low achieve well-below-average values, while those who see themselves as fully resilient also have a high index.

    To what extent is subjective resilience assessment related to health indicators such as BMI or
    the WHO mental health index? It is evident that people who rate their own resilience as low
    are more likely to face problems with overweight and mental health difficulties.

    On a scale from 0 to 10, how strongly do you feel resilient against stress, burden and adverse situations?

    What does this mean? We can trust people to estimate their own abilities and perceive
    resilience as a more complex matter — one that includes weaknesses alongside strengths. It is
    therefore valuable to show concrete examples of how resilience can be increased even through
    seemingly simple changes we make in life.

    Next posts

    Read our biggest Resilience research yet.

    Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Sweden, over four thousand respondents, hundreds of questions and answers. Czechs came out more resilient than Slovaks and Germans, but weaker than the Swedes. Plus hundreds of other detailed data points.

    The results make one thing clear: mental health is a real struggle for us. On the other hand, a large share of Czechs exercise regularly, we’re able to secure ourselves materially, and we have the ability to hold up even in tougher times.“

    Let me know if you’d like a slightly punchier version for a LinkedIn/social post, or want me to run this through the solvo-komunikace skill for proper English/Czech social copy variants.

  • We’re shielding kids from Instagram. Meanwhile, AI is giving them dating advice

    We’re shielding kids from Instagram. Meanwhile, AI is giving them dating advice

    4–6 minut

    Australia, Denmark and Portugal have already approved bans on children’s access to social networks, while France, Norway, Slovenia and the United Kingdom are preparing similar legislation. In the Czech Republic, both the prime minister and the president have expressed support for a ban, in rare emotional unison. But will this actually mean our children will be less at risk? I doubt it, because I fear we are “successfully” overlooking a much more significant threat to our kids: their interaction with artificial intelligence.

    First, though, to the idea of banning social media. I am a liberal, and I belong to the generation that, despite all the bans, smoked its first cigarette around the age of ten and a few years later was already visiting pubs on a fairly regular basis. My instinct to resist bans – knowing, among other things, that they are not that hard to get around – has been seriously shaken by my own children. One is 16, the other 25. I asked them a leading question that nudged them toward rejecting bans. Yet both agreed that social networks had brought them nothing positive in childhood and, in one case, something quite negative – something I am sorry I did not find out about at a time when I might still have been able to influence it. They also pointed out that the technological possibility of circumventing a ban does not mean that all children will know how to do it or will actually do it. At the same time, I learned that the real limit of what a ban can influence is the onset of puberty. After that, even those unlucky kids whose anxious parents have installed filters and tracking software on their phones can rely on the empathy of their peers – someone will lend them an older device they no longer use. As always, when it comes to banning social networks, there is nothing like consulting the true experts.

    But as the use of AI spreads, I keep hearing more and more stories about how children – and not only children – are using it as a friend, a “relationship guru”, simply as a substitute for a living person. And this is not just anecdotal. Studies – including those from MIT, the Pew Research Center, the Center for Democracy and Technology and Common Sense Media – agree not only that a majority of teenagers have experience with AI, but that roughly one third of them use it regularly. A non‑trivial share of young people also admit that you can build not only a “trustworthy friend” with AI, but even a “romantic relationship”. And stories of adults who start using – often corporate – AI systems to consult their life problems are not exactly rare either.

    That, to me, is significantly more worrying than any social network. AI based on language models has a built‑in goal that is very different from genuinely helping a “human friend”. It is a language model – it generates a response that is supposed to satisfy the person it is talking to. And unlike situations where AI helps us search, process or verify information, the moment we are dealing primarily with emotional needs, its answer will almost inevitably be guided mainly by affirmation and agreement. Even in cases where it would be far more reasonable to challenge the behavior of the person who has the problem.

    Shakespeare already had a character for this: Iago. The one who always tells you what you want to hear, while pursuing completely different aims. A language model works in a similar way, only without the malicious intent – which may well make it even more dangerous. Experts put it more soberly. From academia, T. Sun (Rice University) notes: “Adolescents are developing core emotional and social skills – chatbots are simply not designed for that. If young people begin to entrust AI with their relationships and life decisions instead of turning to people, the risk is not only misinformation, but above all a gradual shift in what they expect from relationships, emotions and help itself.” And from those who are already dealing with such impacts in practice, V. Wright of the American Psychological Association says: “AI will never replace human connection. It simply is not built for that.” On top of that, chatbots are designed to keep our attention for as long as possible – because that is how their creators make money.

    As an economist, I have to add another layer: we expect AI to push us out of routine activities – and especially out of exactly those areas where human interaction is needed.

    And I am convinced that the worst possible preparation for our children – who are already, to a large extent, replacing the real world with the virtual one – for such roles is a situation in which they substitute communication with people by chatting with “AI buddies”. So this is not just about emotional risks. It is about the fact that they will fail to learn skills that could help them find their footing in the economy of the world that is coming.

    I am neither a lawyer nor an IT specialist – although during my studies, including my PhD in the United States, I did in fact make a living in this field – but it does not seem impossible to me to define requirements for AI “communicators” that would oblige them to recognize when they are interacting with a child or an adolescent and to be highly restrictive in conversations that substitute for a human confidant dealing with relationships. And I am convinced that situations in which AI is consulting “people for people” – and even more so “people for children” – deserve far more of our attention than debates about how to protect children from social networks.